Abstract. The growth of lampenflora detracts the natural beauty of cave walls, and threatens their archaeological value.

This is a real problem in Malaysian caves, therefore, an attempt should be made to eliminate these unwanted microorganisms. Ultraviolet light destroys harmful microbes such as bacteria, yeast. molds, viruses and algae, and ultraviolet radiation is less toxic to cave dwellers such as birds, reptiles and visitors. So ultraviolet radiation can be a way to control microorganisms or reduce their numbers. In this study. we studied the effect of ultraviolet radiation on microorganisms isolated from selected Malaysian caves to control and eliminate them AlterS minutes exposure, 254mm UV-C effectively eliminated colonies of Pseudomonas aerginosa and Stenotrophomonas sp. But P. guilliermondi and

R. dairenensis were eliminated to the zero after 30 mivutes of treatment, but C. Liquefaciens needed 60 minutes to be treated. Synechochococcus sp and Micractinium sp. fell to zero after exposure to 240 of UV-C

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Tilia tomentosa on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, haematological indices and nonspecific immune indices of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish with an average weight of 4.35 ± 0.16 g were fed a diet supplemented with an aqueous methanolic extract of T. tomentosa at a dose of 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.1% for 45 days. The final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate were observed to be significantly higher for the 00.1% and 0.1% groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased in the 0.05% and 0.1% groups compared with the control (P < 0.05). The activities of various digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and trypsin) were also measured and no significant differences were observed compared to the control (P > 0.05). The mean cell volume of the 0.01% group was significantly increased compared to the control (P < 0.05) and increased lysozyme activity was observed in the 0.05% and 0.1% groups. Respiratory burst activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 30 for the 0.1% and 0.05% groups, respectively. No differences were observed for myeloperoxidase activity among the four groups. These results suggest that aqueous methanolic extract of T. tomentosa has a growth-promoting and immunostimulatory effect on common carp.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Chenopodium album aqueous methanolic extract supplementation on the immunological and haematological indices, digestive enzyme activity and growth performance of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). C. album was added to a basal diet at the rate of 0 (CA0), 0.01 (CA0.01), 0.05 (CA0.05) and 0.1 g kg−1 (CA0.1), and C. carpio was fed this diet for 45 days. Respiratory burst activity was significantly increased in all experimental groups on days 15 and 30 compared to the control (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly increased over all sampling times compared to the control except in CA0.1 (P < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activities were significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of a dietary supplementation of Tilia tomentosa on blood parameters and non-specific immune responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). With this aim, common carp (4.35 ± 0.16 g) were fed with an average weight at the beginning of the experiment of 4.35 ± 0.16 g, were supplemented with a celery (Tilia tomentosa) aqueous methanolic extract at a dose of 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.1% during 45 days. Every 15 days of the study, blood indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, and MCHC), and immune parameters such as lysozyme, respiratory burst, and myeloperoxidase activities were investigated. The results indicated that fish fed diet supplemented with 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% T. tomentosa extract had no significant differences compared with the control on the 15th, 30th, and 45th days of the experiment (P > 0.05) except MCV of 0.1% on the 30th day of the experiment which had highest recorded value compared with other groups (P ˂ 0.05). MCHC of the control on the 30th day of the experiment also had highest recorded result compared with other groups. (P ˂ 0.05). Lysozyme activity was highest in the 0.01% and 0.1% experimental groups (P ˂ 0.05). At the end of the study, respiratory burst activity decreased on the 15th day and 30th day of the study on 0.01% and 0.1% groups (P ˂ 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activity was not affected in all experimental groups compared to control (P > 0.05). These results suggested that Tilia tomentosa has some immunomodulatory effects in common carp

Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Chenopodium album methanolic extract supplemented with fish diet on non-specific immune activity and hematological parameters of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles. Common carp (2.4 ± 0.1 g) were divided into four main groups in triplicate (twelve aquariums, 40 fish per aquarium) fed diet containing three doses of C. album extract, CA 0, CA 0.01%, CA 0.05% and CA 0.1% kg diet individually for 45 days. The samples were collected every 15 days. The results indicated that Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity was significantly increased in all experimental groups at 15 and 30 days, lysozyme activity was significantly increased in all the experimental groups at 15 days. While, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in all experimental groups at all experimental periods, 15, 30 and 45 days compared to the control groups. Regarding hematological parameters, a significantly decreased in WBC and insignificantly changes in (RBC, Hb, HCT, MCH, MCV and MCHC in all experimental groups compared with the control. The results indicated that the supplementation of methanolic extract of Chenopodium album to carp diet was beneficial because it increases innate immune response.

Abstract: In this study, the effect of a dietary supplementation of Apium graveolens on digestive enzyme activities and growth performance of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated. C. carpio, with an average weight at the beginning of the experiment of 6.5 ± 0.07 g, were supplemented with a celery (Apium graveolens) aqueous methanolic extract at a dose of 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.1% over 45 d. At the end of the study, digestive enzyme activity and growth performance were investigated. Results of this study showed that the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the 0.01% group compared with the other groups. The feed concentration ratio was decreased in the 0.01% and 1% groups compared with the control (P < 0.05). Digestive enzyme activity (trypsin, amylase and lipase) in all experimental groups was significantly elevated compared with the control (P ˂ 0.05). These results indicated growth-promoting effect and increasing digestive enzyme activity of C. carpio supplemented with an A. graveolens aqueous methanolic extract. 

Abstract: The digestive enzymes activity and the growth performance effect to the methanolic extract of Chenopodium album supplementation were examined in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles. Common carp (2.4 ± 0.1 g) were fed diets containing three doses of Chenopodium album extract (CA 0, CA 0.01%, CA 0.05% and CA 0.1% / kg of feed) individually for 45 days. The results indicated that trypsin and lipase activities were a significantly increased in 0.5% and 1% treated groups. While, amylase activity was significantly improved in all treated groups compared to the control. Final weight and weight gain were significantly enhanced in 0.01% and 0.1% treated groups. FCR and SR were insignificant changes in all experimental groups. While, SGR was significantly increased in all treated groups compared to the control. The results concluded that the supplementation of methanolic extract of Chenopodium album to carp diet could stimulate the digestive enzymes secretion and some growth performance parameters.

Abstract: In this study, the effect of a dietary supplementation of Apium graveolens on immune and haematological responses of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated. C. carpio, with an average weight at the beginning of the experiment of 6.5 ± 0.07 g, were supplemented with a celery (Apium graveolens) aqueous methanolic extract at a dose of 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.1% over 45 d. Every 15 d, respiratory burst, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity were measured, and at the end of the study, haematological responses were investigated. The result showed that respiratory burst and myeloperoxidase activity was significantly improved in all treated groups compared with the control group (P ˂ 0.05). Lysozyme activity was highest in the 0.01% and 0.1% extract groups. Haematological parameters were affected by A. graveolens extract intake (P ˂ 0.05). The total white and red blood counts, haemoglobin content and haematocrit value were highest in the 0.1% extract group (P ˂ 0.05). However, the mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentration were decreased in the 0.05% group (P ˂ 0.05). These results indicated an immunostimulatory effect of A. graveolens aqueous methanolic extract for common carp. 

Abstract: In this study, the effect of a dietary supplementation of Tilia tomentosa on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated. C. carpio, with an average weight of 4.35 ± 0.16 g, were fed diet with supplemented with a celery (Tilia tomentosa) aqueous methanolic extract at the dose of 0 mg kg-1 (control), 100 mg kg-1 , 500 mg kg-1 and 1000 mg kg-1 during 45 days. At the end of the study, the final weight was significantly increased in the 100 mg kg-1 , and 1 mg kg-1 compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The weight gain rate was also significantly increased in the experimental groups’ compared with the control (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased in the 500 mg kg-1 and 1000 mg kg-1 groups compared with the control (P < 0.05). The specific growth rate was significantly increased in the 500 mg kg-1 and 1000 mg kg-1 groups compared with control group (P < 0.05). The digestive enzymes activity (Amylase, lipase and trypsin) was also measured and no significant differences in the enzymes activities were determined at the end of the study compared to control (P > 0.05). 

Abstract: The present study was carried out to examine the effect of aqueous suspension of

Cichorium endivia leaves powder or glibenclamide drug on some biochemical parameters in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, (1)

control group which was administered distilled water, (2) Cichorium endivia group in which rats

received aqueous suspension of C. endivia leaves powder, 500 mg/kg b. wt., (3) diabetic group in

which diabetic rats were administered distilled water, (4) diabetic–Cichorium endivia group in which

diabetic rats were treated with aqueous suspension of C. endivia leaves powder, 500 mg/kg b. wt.,

and (5) diabetic–glibenclamide group in which diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide drug, 600

mg/kg b. wt. All groups were induced by intragastric administration for six weeks. The C. endivia

leaves powder or the glibenclamide drug produced significant hepatoprotective effects by decreasing

the activities of serum aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate

dehydrogenase (LDH) and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as liver superoxide dismutase

(SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and increasing the liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and

glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level. In conclusion, the

results obtained clearly indicate the role of oxidative stress in induction of diabetes and suggest

protective and/or ameliorative effects of C. endivia leaves powder aqueous suspension, similar to the

diabetic drug (glibenclamide) effects in this animal model.